STATE OF THE ART IN RESEARCH ON SCIENCE TEACHING AND LEARNING IN BIOLOGY

Abstract

This paper reviews the state of the art in Biology education, highlighting the shift from teacher-centered, exam-driven practices to innovative, student-centered, and technology-enhanced approaches. Biology plays a vital role in addressing global challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and public health, yet many classrooms still rely on outdated methods that hinder conceptual understanding and application. Research demonstrates the effectiveness of inquiry-based, project-based, collaborative, and experiential strategies, supported by digital tools including virtual laboratories, simulations, and AI-powered platforms. These approaches foster critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving skills while enhancing student engagement. Strengthening teacher competencies through Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK), Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK), and Continuous Professional Development (CPD) is essential for sustainability. However, challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, resistance to change, and curriculum-policy misalignment persist. The review concludes with a call for scalable, inclusive, and culturally responsive innovations that align research with practice and equip learners with 21st-century skills.